Salam,
As an introduction, I want to inform you all that UiTM are moving into implementing the Outcome based education - student centered learning (OBE- SCL). Well not a really complicated things, it just basically means more less in the lecturer giving all the materials that the students needs to learn and more time in you all need to discover the knowledge by your own initiative.
No need to panic here, Im just passing out the things that I learned while I was at the Bengkel for these couple of days. I'll be here to giving all my effort and support in helping you guys needs. And InsyaAllah I believe that all of you can be a very successful people in the near future.
These are our OBE for this semester, so try as hard as you can to answers all these questions and you shall pass with a flying colours InsyaAllah. All my lecturers, assignments and questions would be based on these too.
Specimen collection and Papanicolaou stain
1. Describe the cytology specimens types from the female genital tract: sites and collection.
2. Explain the Preparation of gynaecological smears – conventional and liquid-based cytology
3. Describe the uses, components and preparation of:
a. Harris Haematoxylin
b. Orange G6
c. Modified EA
4. Explain the Papanicolaou stain methods.
Approach to examining a pap smear
1. Describe the correct approach in handling, examining, and assessing Pap smear.
Terminology
1. Describe the importance of terminology for reporting cervical smears.
2. Describe the history of Pap smear reporting systems.
3. Explain the Bethesda 2001 reporting system.
Unsatisfactory smears
1. Define unsatisfactory Pap smear for Conventional smear and liquid-based preparations based on criteria on The Bethesda 2001.
2. Describe the reasons for unsatisfactory smears which include:
a. Sampling causes.
i. Insufficient cellular material.
b. Physiological causes.
i. Obscuring inflammation.
ii. Obscuring blood.
iii. Atrophy.
iv. Cytolysis.
c. Processing causes.
i. Fixation.
ii. Contamination.
iii. Shattered slide.
Normal components of the Pap smear
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Superficial squamous cells.
b. Intermediate squamous cells
c. Parabasal cells
d. Endocervical cells
e. Squamous metaplastic cells.
f. Endometrial cells.
g. Non-epithelial components:
i. Neutrophils
ii. Eosinophils
iii. Lymphocytes
iv. Histiocytes
v. Sperm
2. Explain the squamocolumnar junction and transformation zone.
Smear pattern and hormonal effects
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Oestrogenic smear pattern
b. Non-oestrogenic, non-atrophic smear pattern.
c. Atrophic smear pattern.
Degenerative changes and smear artifacts
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of nuclear and cytoplasmic in degenerative changes.
2. List the common artifacts in Pap smear.
Infectious agents in smears
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Bacterial vaginosis
b. Fungal vaginitis
c. Trichomonal vaginitis
d. Actinomyces
e. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Benign changes in Smears
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Inflammatory/ infective/reparative
i. Acute squamous cell changes
ii. Chronic squamous cell changes
1. Hyperkeratosis
2. parakeratosis
b. cervicitis and repair
c. lymphoid cervicitis
d. radiation effects
i. acute changes
ii. chronic changes
Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. The koilocyte
b. Other features of LSIL
c. ASCUS - *Confident differentiation between benign cellular changes and LSIL may not always be achievable. This may be due to scanty cells, poor preservation or there are features of HPV without the cytoplasmic cavitation. Cell changes that cannot be confidently classified as either benign or LSIL should be reported as ASCUS.
2. Describe the current status of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer:
a. Epidemiology of HPV infection.
b. High Risk HPV types.
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL)
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. HGSIL
b. ASC–H *This category equates to the previously termed “Inconclusive” cytology report. This category is used when there are cells present suggesting the possibility of a HSIL and SCC – however, the changes are insufficient for a confident cytological prediction of a High Grade Squamous Lesion (HSL). Because a high-grade lesion is suspected with this category, the follow-up of these patients is the same as for those with a HSL report. Cells in these smears will exhibit overlapping features of both normal and abnormal cells as well as a lack of criteria for a positive diagnosis of HSL. The diagnosis may also be complicated by cells being sparse in population, poorly preserved and/or obscured by blood and inflammation. This diagnosis should only be used after a careful review of the smear fails to yield more diagnostic material.
Squamous cell carcinoma
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Keratinizing SCC
b. Large Cell Nonkeratinizing SCC
c. Small Cell SCC
Adenocarcinoma in situ and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
1. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of:
a. Adenocarcinoma-in-situ (AIS)
i. Endocervical AIS
ii. Endometroid AIS
iii. Intestinal AIS
b. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
c. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
Overview of the cytopathology of non-gynaecological specimen.
1. Describe the cyto-preparation of non-gynaecological specimen
a. Direct smear
b. Cytospin preparation
c. Histology Cell-block preparation
2. Describe the cytological morphology (cellular presentation, nuclear features and cytoplasmic features) of the normal and abnormal cells in:
a. Respiratory system
b. Effusions
c. Fine needle aspirations
ALL THE BEST
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